billFee 2010-5-30 00:37
高速匿蹤飛行器!! 裡海怪獸揭祕
[size=16px]冷戰時代，蘇聯曾在裡海發展出「翼地效應機」，也稱「地效飛行器」；當時美國間諜衛星飛掠當地上空，拍攝到這種先進軍機的原型機，但美國情報官員端詳照片，想破頭仍不得其解，只好把那種飛行器叫做「裡海怪獸」。
[img]http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/aerodynamics/ground-effect/lun01.jpg[/img]
[img]http://neatorama.cachefly.net/images/2007-06/ekranoplan.jpg[/img]
[img]http://farm1.static.flickr.com/193/483312074_86cc6a1d39.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/aerodynamics/ground-effect/pelican01.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.airwar.ru/image/idop/sea/km/km-2.jpg[/img]
冷戰雖然隨蘇聯瓦結而結束，西方國家對「裡海怪獸」的先進科技仍念念不忘。紀錄片導演兼製作人裴特森（Nigel Paterson）與英國廣播公司節目主持人詹姆斯．梅伊日前搭乘並嘗試操控「裡海怪獸」的衍生機型「Aquaglide」，向世人披露那段神祕歷史。
[img]http://www.airwar.ru/image/idop/sea/km/km-5.jpg[/img]
美國偵察人造衛星一九六六年拍攝到翼地效應機「Ekranoplan」，其名稱係採法語「ecran」飛機擋板加飛機「plan」而組成。美國情報專家看著衛星照片，發覺它長逾一百公尺，機翼短硬，怪異難解，與以往所見的任何飛行器大異其趣。
[img]http://weblog.bezembinder.nl/151-165/ekranoplan.jpg[/img]
一開始，美國人猜測它是傳統戰機，可能是海上飛機，但還沒完成，比美軍擁有的戰機都大上很多。情報分析家推估，就算完成，飛行性能也很差；另外，蘇聯人的怪飛機把噴射引擎架在機翼前方，左右各四具，距機翼算很高很遠。美方無以名之，只好叫它「裡海怪獸」。
[img]http://www.airwar.ru/image/idop/sea/km/km-1.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.airwar.ru/image/idop/sea/km/km-6.jpg[/img]
但是，按蘇聯的設計，「Ekranoplan」這種翼地效應機可以貼在海面上幾英尺處而高速飛行；聽來像氣墊船，但氣墊船能浮飛起來，靠的是底部產氣墊。「Ekranoplan」卻不然，它與地表分離得很俐落，靠的是很多專家都聽過但不甚了解的氣動力現象「翼地效應」，而且增加提升力達四成，效能比傳統飛機高出許多。
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但更重要的是：「Ekranoplan」能夠貼飛在海面幾英尺高的地方，因此有極大的軍事優勢，快速、高效能而且匿蹤，能避開敵方雷達的掃描，迅速運送部隊及軍用車輛。
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一九六○年代，「Ekranoplan」軍機研發計畫是蘇聯極高機密；地點在下諾夫哥羅德市（前稱高爾基市）附近的伏爾加河，嚴禁外國旅客往訪。負責研發的單位是「中央水上飛機設計局」，主持人為阿列克希夫。前蘇聯領袖赫魯雪夫個人大力支持，研發經費不限。
[img]http://membres.lycos.fr/dracken/Ekranoplan/photo/chrono_russe.jpg[/img]
美國間諜衛星拍到的「Ekranoplan」原型機重五百四十噸，長一百公尺，比巨無霸噴射客機都要大，也比當代任何戰機都重一倍，但效能高出許多，飛行時速高達四百公里。
但這樣的戰機顯然被視為笨重不便。經過多年研究後，蘇聯軍方縮小其雄心壯志，研製出較小、重一百廿五噸的「Ekranoplan」，在蘇聯海軍服役時，充當快速運輸機，可以快速載送三百名戰鬥員或兩輛裝甲車，迅速有效地飛掠廣闊的水域。
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據美方情報，蘇聯原本打算一九九○年代初期，在波羅的海及黑海艦隊部署一百廿架「Ekranoplan」，但才建造幾架，蘇聯便告解體，冷戰結束後，整個計畫便告棄置。
今日，俄羅斯民間企業「北極貿易運輸公司」於「Ekranoplan」的原廠再生產那種科技的飛機，但民用版比起裡海怪獸，只算小兒科。該公司的翼地效應機「Aquaglide」設計成五座式輕型機，長十公尺，而且用賓士汽車引擎來驅動螺旋槳推進器，時速為一百七十公里。雖然比不上使用噴射引擎的「先輩」，「Aquaglide」還是能在水上、冰上或地面飛行。
[img]http://www.attk.ru/Common/A-5/46g4.gif[/img]
[img]http://www.richard-seaman.com/Aircraft/AirShows/Gidroaviasalon2006/Highlights/Ekranoplan_1.jpg[/img]
[img]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Aquaglide_2.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.antaresuae.com/images/aquaglide-5_clip_image002.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.bredow-web.de/ILA_2006/Kleinflugzeuge/Aquaglide/a_Aquaglide-4.jpg[/img]
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