hoogo 2011-11-28 00:12
美國海軍主力艦BB-59「麻塞諸塞」號
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南達科他級主力艦（South Dakota class battleship）是美國海軍在北卡羅萊納級主力艦基礎上改進設計的一種主力艦。
南達科他級主力艦的設計排水量、火力與北卡羅萊納級相同，重點加強防護力，因此儘可能的減輕一些不必要的重量重點優化裝甲防護。由於排水量受條約限制及試用了一些未經全面測試的革新性新技術而使該級艦並不是十分成功，但仍被公認為攻防比較平衡的條約型主力艦。該級保持與北卡羅來納級相同的最大艦寬，縮小水線長度，動力艙室更加緊湊，造成航速略為降低，轉彎半徑較北卡羅萊納級稍大；採用單煙囪，增加側舷裝甲帶傾斜角度以及甲板裝甲厚度，防護力有所提高；採用球鼻型艦艏以降低艦體阻力，並增大了主機功率。該級艦於1938年5月批准建造，同級四艘：南達科他號(BB57)、印第安納號(BB58)、麻塞諸塞號(BB59)、阿拉巴馬號(BB60)，均於1942年間服役。
1942年10月26日，南達科他號同兩艘約克城級航空母艦一起參加聖克魯斯群島戰役，在海戰中擊落32架日本飛機，創造了一艘戰艦一天內擊落飛機的紀錄。 同年11月8日，麻塞諸塞號參加了北非的「火炬」登陸行動，炮擊停泊在卡薩布蘭加港的法國讓·巴爾號主力艦，16英吋大砲顯示了強大的威力，法國主力艦被命中5枚砲彈，喪失了戰鬥力。2艘法國驅逐艦亦被擊沉。這是戰爭中美國軍艦第一次發射16英吋砲彈。 1942年11月14日夜間，南達科他號與華盛頓號主力艦在瓜島海域和日本海軍霧島號主力艦編隊遭遇，隨後的戰鬥即為瓜達爾卡納爾海戰。南達科他號在電路故障的情況下遭到日本艦隊集中攻擊，被1枚14英吋砲彈及40餘枚其他砲彈擊中，上層建築損傷嚴重，但艦體並沒有受到大的損壞。這是史上唯一一次確認的被敵人主力艦擊中的美國主力艦。隨後南達科他號進廠大修62天並換掉一門主炮。 南達科他級各艦隨後參加了包括菲律賓海海戰、萊特灣海戰、沖繩島戰役等其他盟軍大型行動，大多為快速航空母艦特混艦隊提供防空火力掩護，以及為兩棲登陸作戰提供對岸火力支援等。
戰後1947年該級艦開始陸續退役，1962年至1965年相繼報廢處理。1965年麻塞諸塞號成為麻塞諸塞州的一個紀念館開始對公眾開放。阿拉巴馬號也作為博物館予以保留。
「麻塞諸塞」號在戰時獲得14枚戰鬥勛章以及菲律賓總統獎章。1947年「麻塞諸塞」號退役，在麻塞諸塞州地方人士的爭取下，它被作為與該州同名的戰艦列為紀念艦，於當年8月拖到波士頓的戰艦灣，作為當地的永久紀念。
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