Annabella 2011-11-15 00:18
意大利C-27J戰術運輸機
[align=left][color=#000000][font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]戰術運輸機，由美國洛克希德馬丁公司與意大利阿列尼亞航太公司（[font=Calibri]Alenia Aerospazio[/font]）共同合作研製，具備安全、穩定、快速反應能力，可執行多種任務，為當今全球中運量運輸機中較新研發的機種。[font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]是當今少數針對中等規模任務及酬載設計的軍用運輸機，與最新型的[font=Calibri]C-130J“[/font]大力士[font=Calibri]”[/font]運輸機具有極高的共通性，它們使用相同的推進與先進航電系統，具有相互操作能力。其原型機為意大利阿列尼亞航太公司的[font=Calibri]G-222[/font]運輸機，相較於阿列尼亞現役的[font=Calibri]G -222[/font]戰術空運機，[font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]的空運距離增加[font=Calibri]35%[/font]，達[font=Calibri]1050[/font]哩；巡航距離增加[font=Calibri]30%[/font]，巡航高度[font=Calibri]2[/font]萬[font=Calibri]7[/font]千[font=Calibri]5[/font]百呎，最大巡航速度[font=Calibri]300[/font]節。而源自[font=Calibri]G- 222[/font]的強固機身，更有利於[font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]在惡劣的環境下執行起降任務。[font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]飛機是美國和意大利軍工公司聯合研製而成，於[font=Calibri]1997[/font]年推出，[font=Calibri]2[/font]年後的[font=Calibri]9[/font]月[font=Calibri]24[/font]日在意大利首飛，其民用型於[font=Calibri]2001[/font]年[font=Calibri]6[/font]月定型。[font=Calibri] C-27J“[/font]斯巴達人[font=Calibri]”[/font]戰術運輸機的前身，為意大利阿列尼亞航太公司（[font=Calibri]Alenia Aerospazio[/font]）的[font=Calibri]C-27A/G.222[/font]。[font=Calibri] C-27J[/font]運輸機於，意大利軍用型則於同年[font=Calibri]12[/font]月確認。意大利空軍共訂購[font=Calibri]12[/font]架[font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]運輸機，以取代[font=Calibri]G.222[/font]。[font=Calibri] [/font][/color][/align]
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[font=Calibri][color=#000000]C-27J[/color][/font][color=#000000]貨艙高[font=Calibri]2.25[/font]米，寬[font=Calibri]3.33[/font]米，可載運的容積是[font=Calibri]44.1[/font]立方米，貨艙地板強度已與[font=Calibri]C-130J[/font]相同，[font=Calibri]“[/font]悍馬[font=Calibri]”[/font]高機動車、[font=Calibri]6[/font]輪裝甲車都可通過液壓驅動坡道直接開進貨艙。它能載運[font=Calibri]46[/font]名全副武裝的傘兵。傘兵從貨艙兩側機門或貨艙門跳傘空降，每秒鐘有兩名傘兵跳離飛機，可減小傘兵落地後離散的距離。它空投貨物重量與[font=Calibri]G222[/font]一樣。它的航程比同級運輸機遠了許多，達[font=Calibri]4560[/font]公里，也超過了[font=Calibri]“[/font]大力士[font=Calibri]”[/font]。美國空軍則希望用[font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]來補充現有的[font=Calibri]C-130[/font]運輸機群，以保障後者能更多地被用來執行戰役[font=Calibri]-[/font]戰略性運輸任務。[font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]的最大起飛重量為[font=Calibri]30[/font]噸，最大航速[font=Calibri]580[/font]公里[font=Calibri]/[/font]小時，有效載荷為[font=Calibri]9[/font]噸，航程可達[font=Calibri]3500[/font]公里。 [/color][font=Calibri][color=#000000] [/color][/font]
[color=#000000]在美國空軍早前對[font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]的測試中，[font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]主要接受了以下四個項目的論證測試：一是貨物貨盤的裝載；二是對[font=Calibri]“[/font]悍馬[font=Calibri]”[/font]戰車進行整車裝卸的能力；三是進行醫療撤運、貨物運輸、部隊人員運輸以及綜合配置運輸等功能轉變的可操作性；四是在易遭受攻擊地區以及惡劣的飛機跑道上實施短距離起[font=Calibri]/[/font]降的能力。[/color][/align][align=left][color=#000000][font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]運輸機的雙座飛行員座艙，可配備夜視鏡，其電子飛行裝備包括[font=Calibri]5[/font]部液晶顯示屏。[font=Calibri]該型機機艙板長度與C-130J[/font]相等，可裝載大型貨櫃，在不經過特殊改裝情況下，包括悍馬、[font=Calibri]AML-90[/font]、六輪裝甲車、[font=Calibri]M113[/font]裝甲運兵車等均可駛入、駛出該型運輸機，以利快速裝載、下卸，執行作戰任務。[font=Calibri]在C-27J[/font]機身後方，設有向上開啟的貨門，可用於空投貨板或集櫃遞送系統，空投速度在[font=Calibri]110[/font]至[font=Calibri]40[/font]節間。[font=Calibri]其座艙及貨艙均已加壓並配備空調，擔任傷患後送任務時，可運送24[/font]名擔架傷患，以及[font=Calibri]4[/font]名醫護人員，並可另外裝設空中醫療氧氣供應，及[font=Calibri]12[/font]套動力系統，供醫療設備使用。[font=Calibri]而執行空降任務時，該型機可載運46[/font]名全副武裝傘兵，並自機體兩側跳傘門，或後方艙門實施空跳。[font=Calibri] [/font][/color]
[font=Calibri][color=#000000]C-27J[/color][/font][color=#000000]運輸機配備的數位航電組件，係由洛馬公司整合，任務計算機也是該公司產品。[font=Calibri]兩套AE[/font]－[font=Calibri]2100D3[/font]渦輪槳引擎可提供[font=Calibri]5000[/font]匹軸馬力，配合六葉螺旋槳，允許該型機在不同形態機場起降，包括高地或熱帶未經整理的小型機場，僅需[font=Calibri]500[/font]米長跑道，以[font=Calibri]載荷重型貨物。[/font]該型機並可執行達三[font=Calibri]G[/font]的戰術空運動作。[font=Calibri]其導航及夜間駕駛系統，使該型機即使在夜間，也可保持在樹梢高度飛行。相較於阿列尼亞現役的G.222[/font]戰術運輸機，[font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]運輸機的空運距離增加了[font=Calibri]35[/font]％；巡航距離則增加[font=Calibri]30%[/font]，最大巡航速度達[font=Calibri]300[/font]節。[font=Calibri]整體而言，C-27J[/font]運輸機具有的性能特性，包括短跑道起降能力（[font=Calibri]STOL[/font]）、可載運[font=Calibri]62[/font]名士兵或[font=Calibri]46[/font]名傘兵。[font=Calibri]其推進系統容許C-27J[/font]運輸較同型機飛得更高、更遠、更快且載荷更多。[font=Calibri]該型機也具備空中加油能力，配備軍用航電與雷達系統，其座艙採全天候、24[/font]小時運作設計。[font=Calibri]此外，該型機擁有16[/font]個座艙窗，可提供良好的視角，另外該型機起落架也經過強化，可在條件較差的機場起降。[/color][/align]
[align=left][color=#000000]性能及戰術能力[/color][/align][align=left][color=#000000]（一）可攜載重達[font=Calibri]2[/font]萬[font=Calibri]2[/font]千磅的人員、裝備或車輛。[/color][/align][align=left]
[color=#000000]（二）配備兩具與C-130“大力士”運輸機相同的渦輪螺旋槳引擎，可提供[font=Calibri]5[/font]千匹軸馬力，配合[font=Calibri]6[/font]葉螺旋槳，能夠在少於[font=Calibri]500[/font]米的跑道上起降，具備短場起[font=Calibri]降能力；起落架經過強化，允許該型機在不同形態或條件較差的機場起降。[/font][/color]
[color=#000000]（三）C-27J與[font=Calibri]C-130J[/font]使用相同的推進系統與螺旋槳，容許[font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]較同型機飛的更高、更遠、更快且酬載更多，飛航性能突出。[/color]
[color=#000000]（四）具備空中加油能力。[/color]
[color=#000000]（五）C-27J的雙座飛行員座艙，擁有[font=Calibri]5[/font]具液晶顯示器，可在使用夜視鏡的狀況下，配合導航及夜間駕駛系統，使該型機即使在夜間，也可保持在樹梢高度[font=Calibri]飛行。[/font][/color]
[color=#000000]（六）該型機可執行達三G的戰術空運動作，可在[font=Calibri]13[/font]分鐘爬升至[font=Calibri]2[/font]萬呎高度。[/color]
[color=#000000]（七）配備軍用航電與雷達系統，座艙採全天候24小時運作設計。[font=Calibri]擁有16[/font]個座艙窗，提供良好的視度。[/color][/align]
[align=left][color=#000000]執行任務[/color]
[color=#000000]（一）以醫療後送為例，該型機可運送24名擔架傷患、[font=Calibri]4[/font]名醫護人員，並可另外裝設醫療設備。[/color]
[color=#000000]（二）貨艙長度與C-130J相同，可快速裝載、下卸，執行空投任務。[/color]
[color=#000000]（三）執行空降任務時，該型機可載運46名全副武裝傘兵，並自機體兩側跳傘門或後方艙門實施空跳。[/color]
[color=#000000]（四）除了空運任務，斯巴達人戰術運輸機更兼具有海上巡邏機的構型，可執行搜索、救援及水上偵察任務。[/color][/align]
[align=left][color=#000000][font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]戰術運輸機存在的價值，就在於針對戰術性任務需求，規劃的合理性能。[font=Calibri]簡而言之，並非所有任務都需要大載荷、航程遠的運輸機，也沒有哪個國家的部隊，願意做任務需求之外的投資。 [/font][font=Calibri]C-27J[/font]運輸機即專門針對中等規模任務，規劃其載荷與研發經費。[font=Calibri]依據洛馬公司的說法，執行中等規模的任務並不代表該型機性能縮水，因為C-27J[/font]運輸機使用的引擎、槳葉、數字航電設備乃至機板長度，都與[font=Calibri]C-130J[/font]相同；而[font=Calibri]源自G.222[/font]的強固機身，則有利該型機在不盡理想的環境下執行起降。[font=Calibri]除了空運任務，“斯巴達人”也有海上巡邏機的型號HC-27J[/font]－[font=Calibri]MPA[/font]多功能機，以執行搜索與救援及水上偵察任務。[font=Calibri]該型機所需的水上偵察裝備，可裝置在三個標準貨盤中，以利自HC-27J[/font]的後艙門實施裝載，並可在一小時內完成改裝。[font=Calibri]其性能諸元包括可攜載一萬磅載荷，航程1950[/font]哩。[/color][/align][align=left]
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